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CYBER CRIMES

INTRODUCTION:

With the day to day evolution of human mind , the modes of committing crime are also drastically changing . Criminals are getting smarter day by day and are applying there minds in this context to commit crime and escape without getting caught. With the advent of computers no one thought that it will become a mode or source of committing crime . Charles Babbage who is well known as the father of computer would not have dreamt that the machine he is giving the world may become a source of crime and would ever influence the society in a negative way.

Whenever we talk about cyber crime we can make out that its something related to a wrong  done were a computer system is involved .

The term ‘cyber crime’ is a wrongly applied name. This term has nowhere been defined in any statute /Act passed or enacted by the Indian Parliament. The concept of cyber crime is not radically different from the concept of conventional crime. Both include conduct whether act or omission, which cause breach of rules of law and counterbalanced by the sanction of the state. Though cyber crimes is a new breed of crimes which came into being just after the advent of the computers and the scenario has become more worse with the influence of internet in our day to day life.

CONVENTIONAL CRIME-

Crime is a social and economic phenomenon and is as old as the human society. Crime is a legal concept and has the sanction of the law. Crime is defined as “a legal wrong that can be followed by criminal proceedings which may result into punishment.”.  A crime may be said to be any conduct accompanied by act or omission prohibited by law and consequential breach of which is visited by penal consequences.

CYBER CRIME:

Cyber crime is the latest and perhaps the most complicated problem in the cyber world. “Cyber crime may be said to be those species, of which, genus is the conventional crime, and where either the computer is an object or subject of the conduct constituting crime. In general cyber crime may be defined as “ unlawful acts wherein the computer is either a tool or target or both”.

The computer may be used as a tool in the following kinds of activity- financial crimes, sale of illegal articles, pornography, online gambling, intellectual property crime, e-mail spoofing, forgery, cyber defamation, cyber stalking. The computer may however be a  target for unlawful acts in the following cases- unauthorized access to computer/ computer system/ computer networks, theft of information contained in the ,electronic form,

e-mail bombing,  salami attacks, logic bombs, Trojan attacks, internet time thefts, web jacking, theft of computer system, physically damaging the computer system.

DISTINCTION BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL AND CYBER CRIME-

There is apparently no distinction between cyber and conventional crime as both the crimes results into some sort of loss to one of the parties. However on a deep introspection we may say that there exists a fine line of demarcation between the conventional and cyber crime, which is appreciable. The demarcation lies in the involvement of the medium in cases of cyber crime.

MODE AND MANNER OF COMMITING CYBER CRIME:

1.      HACKING:

This kind of offence is normally referred as hacking in the generic sense. However the framers of the information technology Act 2000 have no where used this term so to avoid any confusion we would not interchangeably use the word hacking for ‘unauthorized access’ as the latter has wide connotation.

2. THEFT OF INFORMATION CONTAINED IN ELECTRONIC FORM:

This includes information stored in computer hard disks, removable storage media etc.  Theft may be either by appropriating the data physically or by tampering them through the virtual medium.

3.  EMAIL BOMBARDING:

This kind of activity refers to sending large numbers of mail to the victim, which may be an individual or a company or even mail servers there by ultimately resulting into crashing of the entire system.

4.  DATA DIDDLING:

This kind of an attack involves altering raw data just before a computer processes it and then changing it back after the processing is completed.

5. SALAMI ATTACKS:

This kind of crime is normally prevalent in the financial institutions or for the purpose of committing financial crimes. An important feature of this type of offence is that the alteration is so small that it would normally go unnoticed.

6. DENIAL OF SERVICE ATTACK:

The computer of the victim is flooded with more requests than it can handle which cause it to crash. Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack is also a type of denial of service attack, in which the offenders are wide in number and widespread.

7. VIRUS OR WORM ATTACKS:

Viruses are programs that attach themselves to a computer or a file and then circulate themselves to other files and to other computers on a network. They usually affect the data on a computer, either by altering or deleting it. Worms, unlike viruses do not need the host to attach themselves to. They merely make functional copies of themselves and do this repeatedly till they eat up all the available space on a computer’s memory. E.g. love bug virus, which affected at least 5 % of the computers of the globe. The losses were accounted to be $ 10 million. The world’s most famous worm was the Internet worm let loose on the Internet by Robert Morris sometime in 1988.  Almost brought development of Internet to a complete halt.

8. LOGIC BOMBS:

These are event dependent programs. This implies that these programs are created to do something only when a certain event (known as a trigger event) occurs. E.g. even some viruses may be termed logic bombs because they lie dormant all through the year and become active only on a particular date (like the Chernobyl virus).

9. TROJAN ATTACKS:

This term has its origin in the word ‘Trojan horse’. In software field this means an unauthorized programme, which passively gains control over another’s system by representing itself as an authorised programme. The most common form of installing a Trojan is through e-mail. E.g. a Trojan was installed in the computer of a lady film director in the U.S. while chatting. The cyber criminal through the web cam installed in the computer obtained her nude photographs. He further harassed this lady.

10. INTERNET TIME THEFT:

Normally in these kinds of thefts the Internet surfing hours of the victim are used up by another person. This is done by gaining access to the login ID and the password. E.g. Colonel Bajwa’s case- the Internet hours were used up by any other person. This was perhaps one of the first reported cases related to cyber crime in India. However this case made the police infamous as to their lack of understanding of the nature of cyber crime.

11. WEB JACKING:

This term is derived from the term hi jacking. In these kinds of offences the hacker gains access and control over the web site of another. He may even mutilate or change the information on the site. This may be done for fulfilling political objectives or for money. E.g. recently the site of MIT (Ministry of Information Technology) was hacked by the Pakistani hackers and some obscene matter was placed therein. Further the site of Bombay crime branch was also web jacked. Another case of web jacking is that of the ‘gold fish’ case. In this case the site was hacked and the information pertaining to gold fish was changed. Further a ransom of US $ 1 million was demanded as ransom. Thus web jacking is a process where by control over the site of another is made backed by some consideration for it.

CLASSIFICATION OF CYBER CRIMES:

The subject of cyber crime may be broadly classified under the following three groups. They are-

1. Against Individuals :

a. against person
b. their property of an individual

2. Against Organization :

a. Government
c. Firm, Company, Group of Individuals.

3. Against Society at large

Against Individuals: –

They can be:
i.   Harassment via e-mails.
ii. Cyber-stalking.
iii. Dissemination of obscene material.
iv. Defamation.
v.  Unauthorized control/access over computer system.
vi. Fraud and cheating

Against Individual Property: -

i. Computer vandalism.
ii. Transmitting virus.
iii. Netrespass
iv. Unauthorized control/access over computer system.
v. Intellectual Property crimes
vi. Internet time thefts

Against Organization: -

i. Unauthorized control/access over computer system
ii. Possession of unauthorized information.
iii. Cyber terrorism against the government organization.
iv. Distribution of pirated software

According to a presentation made by American Psychological Association, increased psychological stress that comes as a result of exposure to hate crime may lead to increase financials undertakings and loss for the victims (The American Psychological Association, 1998). According to the association, victims are likely to look for medical and psychological counseling associated with stress and depression which presents potential for unplanned expenditure on the part of the victims. This result to a heavy financial burden coupled with the fact that such groups are disadvantaged in terms of getting opportunities where they can earn decent incomes. According to the association, physical health is directly correlated with psychological health and this implies that victims who are psychologically tortured are unable to perform their daily tasks appropriately as expected. The victims are likely to experience somatic complications which require them to seek for extra medication resulting to more financial burden to the individual (The American Psychological Association, 1998). The association also cited that the employers face increase in costs when their employee s becomes victims of such hate violence. Social science research argues that most hate crimes occur in public such as in schools and work places. If it occurs in a work place, the employees’ morale is affected interfering with the working relationships of all employees. There may even be possibilities of legal suits which may negatively affect employers. In schools, young people who are victims of these crimes are likely to undergo poor self esteem, resulting to poor performance and general feelings of insecurity. These crimes are also likely to result in loss of profits for businesses. This is because depressed people are likely to isolate themselves hence withdrawing from the general public. Such people are less likely to frequent commercial places to spend and this may affect business revenue. For such people who run business, hate crimes may propagate a feeling of insecurity in them leading to closure of businesses which may financially affect them and their dependants.

Social Impact of Hate Crimes

Hate crimes, unlike other crimes have far reaching social concerns. This is because the hate campaign is normally meant to send subliminal message to a wider reaching society (The American Psychological Association, 1998). The fact that it is an act on an individual identity implies that other members of the individual’s community also feel threatened by any attack.  A community which feels threatened may isolate itself and generally result to poor productivity among them. One reason identified as the cause of poor reporting of these cases has been acknowledged as the societal feeling of threatened and generation of mistrust among the agencies that are responsible for their security. The social impact is also extended to other social places which are supposed t o be neutral such as religious places, schools etc. The crimes also propagate a hate message among young people who are most likely to grow up hating members of communities or groups that targets them. Hate crimes also generate a general mistrust and hatred of responsible authorities who are seen as unable or biased towards the perpetrators (The American Psychological Association, 1998).

Psychological Impact as a result of Hate Crimes

According to social scientists, as reported by the American Psychology Association, hate crimes have devastating psychological ramifications as compared to other non-bias crimes despite the crimes having the same severity. Victims of these crimes have higher levels of stress, depression and anger compared to victims of non-bias crimes. The negative effects produced by these crimes are more long lasting as compared to other crimes (Dunbar, 1997). The study by the association showed that victims of hate crime are likely to still feel depressed and stressed as long as five years after the incident. In non-bias crimes, incidents of depression, anger and hatred significantly drops after the incident and are more likely to be forgotten sooner. The association presented these findings as support for the passing of the Hate Crimes Prevention Act introduced to the Senate in February, 2009 (The American Psychological Association, 2009).

Role of Economy in Hate Crimes

Racial and ethnic hatred targets are normally seen to be more prevalent during periods of economic distress. However, weak economies do not necessarily result to hate crimes. It is however to be noted here that the primary reason why hate crimes have happened in the past has nothing to do with economies (Dunbar, 1997). In its earliest form, lynching of blacks during pre depression period in the South had little to do with the economic hardships experienced those days. Its primary cause is seen to be internally propagated ideologies that create prejudice on the identity of a certain group of people. The economic aspect of hate crime may be realized when a minority group moves in a completely homogenous area (The American Psychological Association, 1998). The homogenous group may see the new comers as threats to their livelihoods given the fact that they are likely to increase competition for livelihood means with the locals. The homogenous group may also feel that their way of life is threatened and hence react by propagating hate crimes against the newcomers. The faster the minority enclave in the homogenous society, the faster that such community’s is likely to retaliate through hate crimes (Dunbar, 1997). For instance, the Carnegie area of Brooklyn experienced massive outpouring of foreign people in the 1980′s who generally belonged to groups considered disadvantaged (Dunbar, 1997) The influx of non whites in the region led to an upsurge of hate crimes in the area. Theorists argue that once integrated, communities that were initially hostile to each other are more likely to have lower rates of hate crimes than non integrated communities (The American Psychological Association, 1998).

Actions that can be adopted to reduce Hate crimes

The reporting of hate crimes is generally low and this is associated with the fear that these crimes elicit with the possibility of retaliatory attacks. This implies that government security agencies may be unable to institute very comprehensive measures to curb hate crimes. It is also possible that a considerable number of communities are ignorant of their existence and prevalence and therefore do very little to avert them. The American Psychological Association is one of the bodies that have consistently lobbied the Congress on the need for legislature reforms concerning hate crimes (Dunbar, 1997). In 2008, the association wrote a report and expressed their support for the passing of the Hate Crimes Act.  Specifically, the association has lobbied the Congress to institute and support antidiscrimination legislation, laws and regulations to ensure full legal recognition and protection against hate crimes. The Association was very vocal in pushing for the legislation of the 1998 act on hate Crimes Prevention. It has also lobbied the Congress in supporting CRS, Community Relations Service, the arm of the Justice Department that collaborates with local officials and communities to resolve ethno-racial conflicts. Apart from organized associations, there is need for community leaders including law enforcement officials, policy makers, researchers, religious leaders and educators to work together against hate crimes. The prevalence of hate crimes is normally propagated by poor reporting and general ignorance in communities (Dunbar, 1997). There should hence be conscious efforts to collect information and enforce the law where necessary. Failure to report normally steps from feeling of bias among minority groups that the law enforces cannot help them. To assist victims of such crimes, support programs should be instituted to offer training for victim assistance professional and police on prevention techniques that can help the crime victims to cope with trauma. The communities should also be encouraged to launch and engage in educational activities that can assist in fighting with old style stereotypes, stimulate intercultural understanding, reduce hostilities among different groups and promote cohesion and understanding. A lot of effort should be put especially in schools to promote social cohesion from when children are younger (Dunbar, 1997, p. 16). According to psychologists, teachings on anti bias should be introduced at early school and continue in further studies, in high school and universities.

The US Hate Crime Laws

In the United States, a hate crime is categorized as a criminal offense (National Crime Victim Survey, 1999). As of the law, federal prosecution is supposed to be instigated on such crimes committed on the basis of a persons color, race, religion, or nation especially when involved in an activity that enjoys federal protection such as a school, public places, places of worship etc. The latest change in this act has been moved in the year 2009 by Mathew Shepard and ostensibly called the Mathew Shepard Act. The new changes have included the definition of the crime as one committed against perceived gender identity, gender, disability or sexual orientation. In the change, the prerequisite for a person to be involved in a federal protected activity has also been dropped. The president of the United States, Barrack Obama assented to this new change on 28th October 2009 (New American, 2009, p1). The act is intended to provide federal assistance to local jurisdictions, states and Indian tribes to investigate and prosecute crimes that are categorized as hate crimes. According to the New American release of October

Introduction

Some groups refer to it as the Matthew Shepard Act while others like to call it the Local Law enforcement Hate Crimes Prevention Act (LLEHCPA). Both titles refer to a piece of legislation that was designed to protect members of certain communities that may be targets of hate based crime. The paper will look into the details of the Act, the motivations for passing the Act and other details surrounding its implementation.

What is entailed in the Act

This Act was passed in order to give the Department of Justice the mandate to deal with cases involving violence that is motivated by certain biases. Usually, these are the types of crimes that are committed on the basis of disability, gender, sexual orientation, national origin, religion, color, perceived or actual race. The Justice Department is given the mandate to either work hand in hand with local jurisdictions in cases where that respective group does not display that they actually have the ability to deal with this or in order to assist state jurisdictions. This Department is supposed to have an upper hand in the process prosecuting and investigating cases caused by such biases. (Anti Defamation League, 2008)

Through this Act, local governments are also empowered to deal with the latter category of crimes if they have been committed by juveniles. This is possible through grants that are meant to assist in the process of training law enforcement officers here or during the process of prosecuting such officers.

Reasons behind the LLEHCPA

The reason behind the passage of this Act was that violent crimes generally demand special attention. However, because of the overall effect of hate crimes, then there I a need for special legislation in this area. Not only do hate crimes cause physical injury, but they also create scenarios in which different groups in society are divided. It breaks down the fabric of society by making certain communities full of fear. Such types of violence are not just motivated by financial needs; they are usually done in order to tell members of that chosen community that they will not be accepted by that society. Additionally, when a person is a victim of bias motivated crime, then chances are that they will feel unprotected by their society, they may also fell sidelined and particularly vulnerable. (ADL, 2007)

This Act came against the backdrop of crime Statistics released by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. In the year before the passage of this Act, it was found that the greatest percentage of hate based crimes were against the individuals with different races. The second highest category was those crimes motivated by religious differences and the third category was against people with different sexual orientations. Overly, these statistics revealed that there was still much that had to be done to combat hate crimes thus propelling legislators to act against such biases.

The importance of the Local law enforcement hate crimes prevention act

This Act is important in ascertaining that state and local authorities have been given the power to deal with these bias motivated crimes. Federal groups are incorporated in dealing with these crimes in order to reinforce justice and effectiveness through greater expertise in investigative processes. Additionally, federal authorities’ involvement is meant to relieve local authorities from being overburdened by these types of cases. (Stout, 2007)

The reason behind increasing support for this legislation by certain interest groups is the capacity and the levels of hate crimes committed against certain individuals in society. This is particularly the case for certain categories of people who had not yet been included in the federal hate crimes laws. These groups included;

Disability
Sexual orientation
Gender identity
Gender

It should be noted that prior to this Act, only a narrow definition of victims of hate crimes was considered. In this case, the only groups recognized were religion, national origin, color, ethnicity or race.

The purpose of the Hate Crime prevention Act was to expand the definition or the categories of people who may qualify as victims of hate crimes in the eyes of the law. Additionally, because the legislation is also designed to assist local authorities, then chances are that it will prevent occurrence of hate crimes through the rigorous training and interventions proposed in the Act. (Human Rights Campaign, 2007)

It should be noted that a high percentage of people were motivated to consider hate crimes as a likely issue owing to the fact that this category of crimes are usually quite severe. In fact no single person should ever tolerate being harmed, brutalized, beaten, attacked or hurt in any way just because of what or who they are. This is one of the reasons why the legislations stirred up a lot of reactions from various interest groups.

Besides these, it should be noted that the prevention of hate crimes dates back to as far back as the nineteen sixties. At that time, the issue of race was particularly sensitive and many violence based crimes were committed against racial minorities. Consequently, it became necessary for civil rights groups to rise to the occasion by speaking out against these forms of violence. This was the reason why there were certain movements that occurred in that era. In the year 1968, legislation was passed to prevent such hate based crimes.  Ever since that time, the definitions of violence based crimes began increasing to a point where a substantial majority of individuals who were commonly affected by such crimes were included in the definition.

However, with the passage of time, violence against people with different sexual orientations, gender identities and gender have become increasingly common. This has caused wide concerns from a series of stakeholders thus necessitating the Matthew Sheppard Act. This also means that there is a need to create a situation in which most of the people who may be future victims are protected by the legislation.

The public’s reaction to the legislation

Numerous individuals have demonstrated their support for the legislation. Some of them emanate from political groups, civic rights organizations, religious group and many others. President George Bush was one of the many supporters of this Bill. The Episcopal Church and Presbyterian Churches were also some of the religious groups that demonstrated their support for this legislation. Additionally, the International Association of chiefs of Police also showed their support for this piece of legislation. Additionally, many groups such as the National Disability Rights Network, The Interfaith Alliance, The National District Attorney’s Association and well known attorney General Dick Thornburgh have demonstrated their support of this Act. (US Department of Justice, 2008)

Besides individual endorsements by numerous groups, one cannot ignore the fact that the overall public usually supports legislations designed to combat hate crimes. This is something that was ascertained through opinion polls. In 2007, the Hart Group; a research based company found that almost all subgroups within the electorate supported legislations designed to combat hate crimes. These subgroups included certain categories that were normally considered as very conservative. For instance, fifty six percent of all republicans support this legislation. Also, sixty three percent of evangelical Christians threw their weight behind laws that would allow inclusion of persons with transgender identity and differing sexual orientation.

In terms of racial support, it appears as though almost all races support this legislation. For instance, the same research group found that in that year, close to seventy four percent of the entire white respondents demonstrated their support for the bill. Additionally, a similar percentage of African Americans threw their weight behind the Bill while seventy two percent of Latinos supported this Act. (National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, 2007)

A Gallup Poll conducted in the same year also wanted to find out what people thought about the expansion of this legislation to include other categories of individuals who had not been considered as serious victims of hate crimes. It was found that a substantial percentage of people felt that including persons with differing sexual orientation and transgender identities in this category was supported by close to sixty eight percent of all Americans within the country.

The Kaiser family Foundation also conducted its own research and found that about seventy three percent of the public supports this Bill. The latter research was conducted during the month of November 2007. Additionally, the Lake Snell Perry & Associates group found that sixty eight percent of the public believe that persons with transgender identities should be included in prevention of hate crime laws. Given this overwhelming support, then one can see just how serious this problem of hate crimes is in the public arena.

The Status of the LLEHCPA

In the third month of the year 2007, the local law enforcement hate crimes prevention act was introduced into the house by two major legislators i.e. Republican Mark Kirk while the Democrat legislator was John Conyers. The House decided to approve this Act by an overwhelming vote of two hundred and thirty seven votes against the neighs who were one hundred  and eighty votes. Twenty five percent of the yes votes were Republicans with the rest falling to the democrat group.

In the Senate, the bill was introduced during the next month i.e. the month of April. At that time, Democrat Edward Kennedy and Republican Gordon Smith were the

Hate crime is legally used to refer to those crimes which occur when criminal acts are perpetrated to target a victim or victims on the basis of membership to a certain social group. The crimes are also referred top as bias or bias motivated crimes. The social group defined here may be defined by religion, nationality, race, sexual orientation, gender, ethnicity, disability, political affiliation or sexual orientation. Incidents in this crime may involve damage of property, physical assault, verbal abuse, insults, bullying, offensive letters and graffiti. This crime is generally seen to be motivated by hatred and prejudice. Analysts argue that hate crime is more than normal crime because it targets victims based on their inherent identities and discriminates them from enjoying society’s full benefits (Larry and Roger, 2010, p 26). This crime, according to analysts, causes more psychological harm than normal crime which is not prejudicial (Franklin, 1997, p.14). The crime, when it happens in societies without stable systems of governance has great potential of making communities turn against each other. FBI statistics show that about 30% of hate crimes reported was committed against property. These include stealing, vandalism, and robbing, setting fire to places of worship, stores or homes (CRS, 2008, p.1). Over 70% of the cases involve personal attacks ranging from rape, murder, simple assault and different forms of aggravated assaults. Hate crime has two perspectives, the physical attack and the attack on identity. This study will concentrate on hate crimes in the US with an aim of looking at their history, frequency and the legislation that have been put in place to curb their occurrences.

History of Hate Crime in the US

The first recorded case of hate crime in the US by FBI was in 1922 in Louisiana. The perpetrator was the Ku Klux Klan, a rising white supremacist movement. According to records, two people were murdered after kidnapping and torture. During the same incident, thousands of members belonging to one community received threats based on their identities. The racist group committed thousands of other similar crimes between that period and 2006. Some of the most vicious of such crimes occurred in the periods preceding World War 1, 2 and the Civil Rights movement. Inn July 1946 in Monroe, Georgia, two black couples, Dorothy & Roger Dorsey, and Mae & Roger Malcolm were viciously pulled from a car and viciously shot by approximately 20 white men. Records show that no arrests were conducted after the incident (CRS, 1997, p 1). In 1954, a 14 year old Negro boy, Emmett Till was attacked by more than 20 men with all manner of crude weapons in Chicago; Illinois. He was accused of whistling to a white woman who belonged to one of the perpetrators, Roy Bryant (CRS, 1997). During the court trial, an all white jury acquitted the accused on grounds that there was no enough proof that the dead boy was Till. The corpse had been badly mutilated, deformed and waterlogged, like a mutant that at his burial, the mother collapsed but insisted that the son would be buried in an open casket as a proof of the horror of racism. These and other cases are a pointer to the extremism of some hate crimes that have occurred and continue to occur (Larry & Roger, 2010).  The Ku Klux Klan is one of the best documented organized groups that perpetrated widespread hate campaign and terror on their victims in the United States. During its foundation period in the early 20th century, the group focused its violence and anger on black Americans and any groups that were seen to support them (CRS, 1997). They later targeted other minority groups such as Catholics, Jews, homosexuals and other immigrant groups. Some of the possible reasons for this aggression were the perceived competition between these minority groups versus the economic interests of the low class whites who formed a majority of the group.

Historical Hate Crimes

The prevalence of hate crimes is a global issue and they have occurred in different magnitudes in other parts of the world. Some of the best documented massive hate crimes were:

The holocaust- the organized extermination of Jews in Europe in the 30′s and 40′s that left 5.7 million Jews dead and millions deported from their countries
South Africa Apartheid- A racial segregation policy in South Africa that separated groups into races and determined the infrastructure that such groups would use.
The Ottoman genocide in Armenia-The organized attacks of Armenia natives around 1925 that lead  to the death of approximately 1.5 million Armenians and other groups (Mark,1992)
Bosnia ethnic cleansing-the army led incursion in 1992-1995 where areas carrying more Muslims were shelled to forcefully remove them from Serbs territories. More than two million people could have lost their lives.
The Rwanda genocide- Took place in Rwanda in Central Africa and pitted two ethnic groups against each other, Hutus and Tutsis. Lasted for approximately 100 days of pure massacre and casualties are approximated to 800000 people.
The Darfur crisis (Southern Sudan) – an ongoing crisis pitting government forces and Sudanese People Liberation Front which accuses the government of favoring the Arabs in the North. The UN estimates deaths to 300,000 and over two million people displaced (Edith, 2008).

Perpetrators of Hate Crimes

The general perception about perpetrators of these types of violence is that they are committed by organized groups such as KKK or other organized groups. Available evidence however points to different statistics. For instance, out of 1,459 such crimes committed in Los Angeles in the period 1994 to 1995 less than 5% were committed by members of hate groups (CRS, 1997). According to a psychologist in Los Angeles, University of California, Dr, Dunbar Edward, hate crimes are committed day to day by young people, who are normally law abiding, and have no conscience about their actions. Though alcohol and drugs have been identified as contributors of these crimes, the primary determinant is self prejudice against certain groups of people. This prejudice blinds the person and blurs their judgment on the morality of their actions. This prejudice is normally foddered by environments that harbor negativity against other groups. For instance, it has been found that aggressors against homosexuals feel as if they have the backing of the society in attacking homosexuals. People who engage in hate crimes are likely to be common offenders with clear cut anti social behaviors. One example of this occurred in Texas, in Jasper in June 1998, when three men gave a lift to a black man who had a limp. The perpetrators beat up the man, dragged him on the road until his body got dismembered.

Frequency of Hate Crimes

Data available on hate crime is only comprehensive in the US from 1991 when the Act on Hate Crime Statistics was established. Before then, different states used to report these crimes differently and were often grouped together with common crimes such as murder, rape, arson, homicide and robbery (CRS, 1997). The Federal Bureau of Investigation is the agency mandated to gather statistics on these crimes by the Senate (Dunbar, 1997). In 1996, 9,759 such cases were reported from 49 states and Washington D.C. The figures by the Federal agency however are much smaller as compared to the numbers provided by civil right groups and human watchdogs such as Anti—defamation league and NAPAL consortium which reports much higher figures and are more comprehensive. The 1998 Hate Crime prevention Act was introduced in the senate (S. 1529) and the House as (H. R. 3081) sought expansion on the federal jurisdiction on hate crimes (Dunbar, 1997). If expanded, the act would allow federal authorities to seek information, investigate and prosecute possible hate crimes including those where the victim was engaged in activities that are not necessarily protected by the federal government. Federal protected activities in the USA may include activities such as going to school, voting or crossing over from state to state. The expansion also thought to include coverage of categories that were not initially covered in the Act of protection against hate crime. The new inclusion would include hate crimes based on disability, gender orientation, or sexual crimes. A barrier to obtaining information on these crimes is the fact that reporting such crimes is completely voluntary and there is sufficient evident that most victims do not report such cases. It is assumed that the victims in most cases are able to identify perpetrators and are usually afraid of retaliatory attacks from other like minded perpetrators if such a case is reported. There is also a lot of inconvenience in the way states document such crimes (Larry & Roger, 2010, p. 126). There is also an inconsistency in the time duration within which such crimes are reported. Some of the cases documented by FBI are normally reported in irregular times making state action complicated. For instance, in 2006, in a survey to assess jurisdictions documentation of hate crimes, 84% had zero records of such crimes, this, despite their rampant occurrence in different states (Dunbar, 1997, p.27).  According to Dr. Dunbar, the psychologist whose survey is used in this study argues that victims of more severe hate attacks such a aggravated sexual assaults are least likely to report out of fear of possible future contacts with perpetrators. Another theory on why such crimes are not reported is the victims’ lack of faith in the systems of justice. In such a case the victim feels that the systems of justice are biased in favor of the perpetrators making reporting of such cases futile. The La Raza National Council is of the view that Hispanics mistrusts the police system as

                         Who Has The Answer To Stop Crime?

Over the years, the City of St. Louis has had multiple problems with crime. The St. Louis Federal Investigation Agency had reviewed St. Louis Crime Statistic Reports, and learned that the city is mad. The crime percentage in St. Louis is greater than any other city in the United States. Crime has given St. Louis a horrible name.

There are probably more than 20,000 cities surrounding the United States. Out of 20 thousand cities, when it comes to crime, St. Louis had proven to be most violent and treacherous. The city is filled with a bunch of people who continually double cross one another. Now the entire world can see that St. Louis is a city not to be played with. This city is off the chain, and I now see why mothers are afraid to take their children to the neighborhood playground.

St. Louis was once ranked #1 for crimes. I do not yet know the city’s ranking in 2010, but I am sure it is pretty high. When a city is ranked #1 for crimes, that means, all types of felonies and misdemeanors have been performed throughout it. Also, a city posted number one for crimes is a place where much foul play has been in session.

The North side, the Southside, the Westside, and the Eastside have become fields of war. How can it be safe, when all four sides of a city is filled with crime? When all four sides of a city is active in crime, there is nowhere to run, nor is there a place to find refuge.  

In these last and evil days, people are claiming spots as their territory. Nothing in the area is owned by them, but they claim it, as if it has been purchased by them. They even call it “My Turf”. It has to be something from within that makes people claim what they do not own.

Many innocent people have been victimized. The innocent are slain every day. Some people woke one morning feeling good about life. The day was normal, and perhaps it was payday. They walked out the front door, with thoughts on receiving an earned paycheck. Then, all of a sudden, someone brought crime into an innocent person’s presence. As this innocent person was about to get inside the car, he got shot and robbed. It is amazing how a crime can mess up a person’s life.

Crime has become St. Louis burden and affliction. People are taking on yokes by their own strength. Normally, human beings are subjects of obtaining burdens and afflictions. But St. Louis, which is a city, has conceived that same damaging effect. The body of Jesus suffered much affliction from crime led people, and St. Louis is suffering badly from the same movement (crime committing). If St. Louis had a mind to think for itself, its thoughts would be filled with misery all day long. All the times, St. Louis would have horrible anxiety attacks. Since St. Louis is a city, and cannot think for itself, it knows nothing about emotions and feelings. The longer people allow crime to keep its focus, the greater the burden and affliction St. Louis will feel.

In every city, people are the ones who commit crimes. When people hearts and minds are loyal to “self pleasure”, they do whatever it takes to get a fulfillment. They never realize that their lives are operating from evil mental misconduct. They thought about it; they planned it; and then pursued it, until reaching success.

From all of the crime practicing done in St. Louis, the people have become lawbreaking professionals. Crime committing in St. Louis has become a hobby to the people. People commit crime as if it is a sport. Their energy should be used on the basketball court, but they use it to steal, rob, and commit assaults.

Me, Brian Irons, wrote a book explaining why people commit crimes. In addition, the book also speaks about how and why my life got involved in committing crimes. My book is titled, “I Did Not Know”. Not only does this book explain why people commit crimes, but it also teaches which part of the Intelligent Human Brain any drug will control. It only takes a quick surge of mental empowerment to commit crimes, and my book dominantly teaches on that subject. If you want to read a book about drugs, the I Did Not Know is the one for you. My book exposes a wide range of knowledge about substance abuse, as well as teaching readers about the mental body (the brain).

The “I Did Not Know” book is written, to teach people how to disconnect their hearts and minds from the attachment of crime. When people’s hearts and minds have become attached to committing crimes, it is because their thoughts are filled with the persuasion of wickedness. Not only that, but when people commit crimes, their bodies become flesh of evil. The mind plots on ways to commit crimes; the heart sets to do it; the feet takes you to the place, and the hands reach out to make it a successful.

In order for a person to be detached from wickedness, it is going to take spiritual power to do something like that. The more crimes a person commits, the stronger the power of wickedness becomes. 1+1 is 2, and 2+2 is 4. In the same additional sense, wickedness + living inside a person’s body, equals a lawbreaking maneuver. If you have ever committed a crime or broken the law, you have performed a work of wickedness. In order to bring wickedness and crime to a state of halt, a solution must be found. 

Crime is like science, because it takes a formula to solve its problem. Crime is like math, because, in St. Louis, Missouri, its atmosphere is filled with the division of wickedness. Crime is like biology, because it takes true mental (spiritual) power to disjoint it from the anatomy. Crime is like gym, because people exercise (move) their bodies when performing the act. Nevertheless, if a math problem can to be solved, and in science there is a formula, then wickedness needs an equation.  

There is an equation (solution) to solving wickedness, but the people need to put their minds together, and conjure up a tactic. A world of people continually search ways to earn a higher pay, but will not seek the solution for minimizing these crimes. 

People attend school for years. They try earning the highest certificate there is. They want their rankings to arise above all. They know the greater the degree, the better the pay. All week long, people faithfully attend school, show up for work, but no one wants to work a work putting an end to this crime.

The book I’ve written is not the ultimate answer or the only solution to preventing crimes from being committed; however, God has caused it to be a link to the answer. If you want to bring crime to a minimum, my testimony needs its throne.

Every now and then, my immune system catches a “cold”. I sometimes cough and sneeze, when catching a cold. Before the cold gets any worst, I go get a bottle of Nyquil, and take a cap size of that. Nyquil is my body’s solution for the healing.

St. Louis is a sick place, and it needs a dose of medicine. To most crime committers, it seems to be a mystery, because they do not know why they commit crimes. They think they are committing crimes to feed or satisfy their mental habit, which is zealously true, but it is much deeper than mental addictions. The people’s hearts and minds need medicine, and a dose should be taken today. The blood of Jesus is that medicine.

The solution to stopping these crimes is not found in the police calls, or in the conviction from the law. The law has neither the solution, nor the answer to stopping these crimes. When a crime is being committed, usually, the police force is called upon. When the police arrive on the scene, the crime that was being committed is suddenly put on pause. Once the police officers leave the scene, crime activity immediately goes back into play mode.  

By now, every single last one of us knows what the law says. For years and years, the laws have been rehearsed into our ears. However, we still break laws anyway. The law and commandment says, “Thou shalt not steal“, but guess what, people commit theft anyway. The law and commandment says, “Thou shall not bear false witness“, but people lie on one another anyway. The commandment says, “Thou shalt not commit adultery“”, but we have sex with other people’s spouses anyway. The law says, “No Trespassing“, but we break an entry anyway. Whatever the law commands us “not to do”; we end up do it anyway. We don’t even care what the law says. The spoken word of the law goes in one ear and out the other.

It takes true power to stop the world of people from breaking the law. When it comes to the solution to stopping crimes, the law has it not, and neither is it in the power of man. The law is filled with a bunch of words, and it is weak at providing personal freedom. The law is fragile, because anyone can break it. The law is frail, because anyone can knock it over.

Although, the law is frail, it is still famous, because everyone knows about it. The law will never give the amplified power to stop crimes from being committed. The law was never meant to be your friend, because when it is all said and done, the law will either send you to prison forever, or discern a date for you to sit in the electric chair. Once a person breaks the law, and is caught doing so, the law comes alive, and chooses one of its terms to condemn. When a person commits a crime, and a judgment has taken place, the law has just proved its power. The law only has the power to pronounce judgments on people’s lives. People are caught breaking laws every single day. Therefore, people are judged and sent to prison every day, too.  

Well, let me get to the base point in this story, because time is winding down. The hands on the clock go round and round and I must tell